Evaluation Of A Semi Structured Interview - 1138 Words

Analysis of Results In order to meet the study objectives, in addition to the case study, a semi-structured interview was conducted using non-random sampling. As respondents of the interview had to have particular characteristics such as ability to value property and knowledge about the property market, estate agents were contacted. A total of 7 interviews were conducted with estate agents in the West Hampstead/Kilburn area. The interviews lasted approximately 10 minutes. The participants were as follows: Table 2: Participants Participant Company 1 Maygrove Estates 2 Hunters 3 Foxtons 4 Foxtons 5 Dutch and Dutch 6 Plasso 7 Plasso All the participants had between 6 months to 6 years of experience of being an estate agent. As stated previously, recording the interviews was not allowed due to confidentiality reasons therefore there might be a slight bias in the responses as they were written by the interviewer and not transcribed. For each question the analysis involved coding the answer by placing it into a category. Once the categories were established they were placed into a table and the frequency of each was recorded. The method of analysis is a descriptive method of frequency distribution. For each question a table of the frequency of distribution is presented together with a bar chart followed by an analysis of the results and discussion. The raw data is available in the Appendix 7. Section 1: Understanding sustainability Question 1. In your opinion do buyersShow MoreRelatedThe Role Of Interview Data Research And Discuss The Key Characteristics Of The Processes Of Data Collection And Analysis When Using1669 Words   |  7 PagesCritically evaluate the role of interview data in qualitative research and discuss the key characteristics of the processes of data collection and analysis when using interviews as main data source.  Introduction Interview is a research-based communication that widely used in qualitative research. It collects research data through the conversation and interaction between interviewers and interviewees. This kind of conversation differs from daily one. Kahn and Cannell (1957, p. 149) described interviewingRead MoreEvaluation Of A Program Evaluation1227 Words   |  5 Pages Introduction The purpose of a program evaluation is to assess working programs and determine if the outcomes are sufficiently effective (Houser, 2015). 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The structured interviews are largely verbally administered questionnaires.Read MoreMethods And Results Of Local Government s Performance Measurement Essay1273 Words   |  6 PagesRESEARCH METHOD Approach. This chapter discusses the methodology of the thesis. As mentioned, this thesis mainly uses qualitative data collected via literature and document review, and semi-structured interviews to answer the research questions. This is because the qualitative approach is more suitable to â€Å"provide a great deal of descriptive details†¦emphasizes on process†¦[and] is concerned with explanations† (Bryman, 2004, pp. 280-281), which is essential to examine the process and results of

When Corporations Rule The World Essay - 1168 Words

When Corporations Rule the World There is not a very positive view of people in this book. The ideal that people are naturally bad is an overwhelming concept in the book, When Corporations Rule the Wold by David Korten. The book examines the nature, recent developments, and policies of corporations around the wold. Korten find nothing good or positive, instead he focuses on how corporations are like cancerous tumors on America and how we can rid ourselves of these cancers. He sees the planets living spaces being eaten up for the benefit of powerful corporations and financial institutions. He sees these once useful institutions turning into instruments of a market tyranny that are destroying livelihoods, displacing people, and feeding†¦show more content†¦economy. He says that it should not be a difficult standard to meet given present levels of technology and organizational expertise. However, it requires making markets accountable to all people, not simply those with the most money. This means that markets and trade must both function within a framework of rules established and enforced by open, democratically accountable governments. He sets forth ideals that limit corporations power and influence over the Media soaked American public. It will take a committed effort on the part of civil society to design and put in place an economic system supportive of economic justice and environmental sustainability. This system is as follows: Prohibit political advertising on television. TV political ads are far more often misleading than informative, extremely expensive, discredit the political system, and give money inordinate power in deciding elections. Place strict limits on individual campaign contributions. The principle of democracy is one person one vote, not one dollar one vote. Place strict limits on campaign spending. We want to know what a political candidate can do with a limited budget, not how effectively he or she can manipulate us with large amounts of money. Strip corporations of their fictitious human rights. Take appropriate legislative action to put aside the legal fabrication created by a corrupted court system that corporations have the same rights as individuals. Only living thingsShow MoreRelatedWhen Corporations Rule The World1240 Words   |  5 PagesWhen Corporations Rule the World David C. Korten’s book When Corporations Rule the World, analyzes the worlds economic development and argues that our economy is controlled by multinational corporations who’s interest is in profit and money and not in the well-being of society or the economy. Korten believes that the Government does not have enough power because we let the corporations get too big and gain too much wealth. 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Innovation and Entrepreneurship Free Essays

Student: B00227358 University of the West of Scotland Issues Surrounding the Role of Innovation in the Economic Growth Process Introduction The modern world economy shows that the scientific and technological knowledge and innovation are key factors for sustainable economic growth. Much of the competitive advantages that the country holds today derives from the use of scientific knowledge and applied technology become the corporate level to develop new products or services through the management of technological innovation, marketing, and organizational. The world globalization highlights the urgent need for business organizations that produce goods and services for domestic or international market recognize the strategic value of innovation and incorporated into its business management as an instrument or tool that is part of your corporate culture. We will write a custom essay sample on Innovation and Entrepreneurship or any similar topic only for you Order Now Innovation is an essential element for any organization in order to survive, grow and significantly influence the direction of any industry. Development does not; however, guarantee success, but most be followed up with successive streams of innovation and change, from the incremental to the radical. Discussion The most reliable way to be successful in the industry is to innovate better and longer than the competitor, leading companies develops innovation portfolios that they can use to help sustain growth over the long term. Innovation and change is an essential part of any business activity, but only some people recognize its importance and significance. Companies recognize that key factors such as productivity, competitiveness, and productive marketing and organizational efficiency, depend increasingly implement suitable mechanisms to change from the stage knowledge generation (Science and Technology), or import and assimilation of it to the stage of practical application through the process of innovation. In the recent years, entrepreneurship has become the most successful innovation to increase the economical growth of the country. Entrepreneurship has long een briefly viewed as a foremost vehicle for financial development and it has captivated investigators from a kind of disciplines with very varied analytical approaches. Audretsch Thurik, in their paper â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† demonstrates the change which is being made in the OECD countries. According to them, the reason for this change is the entrepreneurial economy (Audretsch Thu rik, 2001, 267). The paper is an attempt to articulate and identify the differences between the new emerging entrepreneurial economy and the managed economy. According to this paper, there are a total of 14 trade-offs that confronts these two economies. The major economic benefits of European integration will come not through economies of scale, but rather through economies of diversity (Audretsch Thurik, 2001, 308). The countries that have adopted the entrepreneurial economy have been successful in making additional growth. In another paper, â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Wennekers and Thurik looks at the link between the entrepreneurship and the economic growth of a country. The paper concludes that entrepreneurship really matters for the prosperity of a country. In today’s modern world of economics, entrepreneurship plays an essential role in the growth of economy. According to the paper, ICT-revolution and globalization implies the need for a structural change which requires a considerable reallocation of the resources, this increases the demand for entrepreneurship (Wennekers Thurik, 1999, 140). The Schumpeterian tradition of the analysis which concerns the form, innovation and entrepreneurship is examined in the paper, â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach. Burton proposes a post- Schumpeterian framework as a remedy for the defects in the Schumpeterian framework. The framework presented by Burton is based on four main elements Diffused Entrepreneurship/Entrepreneurial Management; Collaborative Business Arrangements for Knowledge Creation; Knowledge Protection; and Knowledge Creation (Burton, 2001, 7). We can look take assistance from this framework to strengthen the innovation and entrepreneurship in the country. Furthermore, in â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† demonstrates the occurrence of the high growth prospective of the new emerging firms. There are different rates of economic growths which have been observed in the country. Not every entrepreneurial start-up contributes to the generating economic growth. It shows that other factors also influence the economic growth of a country. Innovation in science and technology is also an essential part in contributing to the growth of economy in a country. Economic growth is a process through which knowledge is transformed into quality goods and services that satisfy human needs (Wong et al, 2005, 335). The companies are the means through which scientific and technological knowledge is applied in a practical way through the production process, and is transformed into goods and services increased level or better quality, which contributes to the economic and social transformation. Organizations need a change of approach, which involves focusing attention on existing technologies that when used on a widespread basis through processes of innovation, can have a significant impact on the UK economy. Most countries recognize the importance of science and technology as tools for economic growth, but many developing countries focus exclusively on the generation of knowledge in basic research support. Countries must adopt strategies to improve the infrastructure of basic services, so that the appropriate level of the same foster technological development necessary to achieve sustained economic growth: Without a decent infrastructure of basic services it is not possible to develop major applications of technology. Many developing countries have made the mistake of not giving enough importance to the training of technicians and technologists, and artisans, which are home to many small and medium enterprises. Today most of the curriculum and curriculum of universities in developing countries have become obsolete (Murray Blackman, 2006, 132). In an increasingly globalized world requires changes in national policies to incorporate science and technology in the design of economic strategies, in order to achieve: 1. The use of existing technology, using the strategy of â€Å"shadow and fast â€Å"using ICT (information) than is available in the world, 2. Attracting Foreign Direct Investment in technological capability and seek to promote links with other firms in the chain, 3. † Upgrade â€Å"of existing technological capacity in the business sector, 4. Identify market niches and incorporated into the chain 5. To promote international technology partnerships, 6. Using technology foresight methodology in the various sectors (Murray Blackman, 2006, 132). Among the various fiscal and policy instruments that can be implemented to stimulate technological innovation and boost business ties between the actors. We need to promote intellectual property, promote international cooperation in technology transfer, and promote co-financing for technological innovation and venture capital funds for technological innovation. Other than that encourage the creation and development of small and medium enterprises to promote business development centers and technology incubators, implement technology parks; enhance the technological links with companies in free zones are also very important. There are many issues involved in the role of innovation. For many years, we have tried to understand the relationship between innovation and development in global and in particular its economical dimension. This interest has increased significantly. While this issue has been addressed in the literature at least since the 60’s and 70’s, is the late 80’s and 90’s in that discussion has intensified in part by the new avenues that are opening the economy informational. A new technological revolution based largely on information, and spread through the global economy, affects the spatial conformation of economic activities (Uljin, 2003, 15). This is due to the characteristics that result from different combinations of endogenous processes such as fixed capital investment, research and development, education, the advantages in the use of technologies, the economies of scale, the allocation of resources, and a variety of institutional factors that vary between countries. This applies not only within countries but even between regions. The industrial map is diversified, resulting in regional differentiation based on the vocation of the places on those parameters. Innovative industries of the new technological revolution do not show a generalized spatial dispersion. On the contrary, are located in regions where they meet the requirements for innovation. Three issues deserve particular attention. First, it increases the importance of knowledge and intelligence as the basic factors of the system. They are the key for access to and ownership of information that feeds the dynamics of innovation by enabling technological transformation and modernization of the economy (Uljin, 2003, 15). Second, it involves growing interdependence among various actors and resources. Among them are companies that make up the economic structure of a region, universities, local government, the labor market, community, entrepreneurship, infrastructure and funding sources. Conclusion This is particularly important as the playing experience with innovation policy has become a panacea for a variety of problems. It is clear that the contexts in which they have successfully implemented these policies contain factors that are areas of opportunity for action and that lessons should not be isolated without context. Third, the information economy, enhances the integration between regional and global networks. The paradox of the twentieth century is that, in a global economy, regions and cities become increasingly important, even when they have less power than national governments and are always in constant competition. The regions have enormous advantages to compete globally; from greater flexibility to adapt to changing conditions at the national level can be tackled only with painful effort behind. References Audretsch, A. D. and Thurik, A. R. 2001), â€Å"What’s new about the new economy? Sources of growth in the managed and entrepreneurial economies,† Industrial and Corporate Change, Vol. 10, No 1, Pp. 267-309 Burton, J. (2001), â€Å"Innovation, entrepreneurship and the firm: a post-Schumpeterian approach,† International Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation Management Vol. 1, No. 1, Pp. 7-29 Murray, P. Blackman, D. (2006), â€Å"Managing Innovation through socia l architecture, learning, and competencies: a new conceptual approach,† Knowledge and Process Management, 13, 3, Pp. 32-143 Uljin, J. (2003), â€Å"Cultural Conditions of Championing Innovation in International Technology-Driven Firms: Ways of Conceptualisation and Assessment,† ECIS Reseach, Pp. 15-19 Wennekers, S. and Thurik, R. (1999), â€Å"Linking entrepreneurship and economic growth,† Small Business Economics, Vol. 13, No 1, Pp. 140-149 Wong, K. , Ho, Y. P. Autio, E. (2005), â€Å"Entrepreneurship, Innovation and Economic Growth: Evidence from GEM data,† Small Business Economics, Vol 24, Pp. 335 – 350 How to cite Innovation and Entrepreneurship, Papers

Anesthetics And Red Blood Cell Rheology- Here Lecture Review

Question: The following data is obtained for the flow characteristics of a fluid. (rad s-1 ) 0 11.64 23.28 46.57 116.40 232.80 (Nm-2 ) 0.008 0.073 0.130 0.232 0.500 0.890 Plot shear stress (Nm-2 ) versus strain rate (rad s-1 ) and classify the material behaviour. Suggest a suitable constitutive law to predict material behaviour. Plot a graph of apparent fluid viscosity as a function of strain rate over the measured range. Blood flows at constant velocity through an inclined artery and drops a total vertical distance of 10 cm. At the entrance to this stretch of artery the blood pressure is 6.6 kPa. Assuming the total fluid energy to be unchanged, calculate the blood pressure on exiting this stretch. Some pathological conditions result in deposits forming on the walls of arteries reducing their internal cross-section available for blood flow. If such a condition results in the internal diameter of the aorta reducing by one quarter, calculate the increase in blood velocity and increase in pressure gradient required to ensure that the volumetric blood flow remains unchanged from that in a perfect aorta. Compare and contrast the arterial and venous circulatory systems. Include a discussion on the construction of the blood vessels, the flow conditions and all other relevant details. How does the composition of blood affect its rheological properties? Answer: The following is the graph drawn between shear stress and strain rate from the data given: In the above graph as there is an increase in shear stress, the shear strain rate is more than proportionally increased. The curve is cupped downwards and hence the material behavior can be confirmed as Dilatant(How Tion, Faiz, Zakaria Takashi, 2015). (ii) Constitutive equations are used to determine the relationship between shear stress and shear rate. The rheological behavior of blood is complex, and thus, a single equation cannot completely determine the various rheological variables. The following are some of the constitutive models to determine the material behavior (How Tion et al., 2015: Newtonian fluid model: this is applicable for high shear rates where the diameter of blood vessels is larger than blood cells. In this velocity is considered to be constant at all shear rates. Bingham fluid model: applicable at low shear rates and considers RBC aggregation. Thus, under yield stress (threshold shear stress) it behaves as a solid elastic material. Einstein model: this is valid for suspensions with a small percentage of particles. Quemada model: this can be applied to the blood data over a broad range of shear rates. Solution 2 The total fluid energy remains constant, and the velocity is constant. Hence, the blood pressure at the entrance and exit will be same. Therefore, the blood pressure at the exit is 6.6kPa. Solution 3 Diameter and pressure gradient are related as follows: D1 = d, D2 = d/4 P1= P1, P2= P2 D1 + P1 = D2+ P2 Pressure gradient, i.e., P2-P1 = d d/4 P=3d/4 Velocity and diameter are related similarly as: V12 + d1 =V22 + d2 V22 - V12=d1-d2 (V2-V1)2 = 3d/4 V2-V1 = 3d/4 Solution 4 The circulation of blood from the heart to the body parts and from the body parts to heart is done by blood vessels. The blood circulatory system is thus constituted by heart and blood vessels. Circulatory system can be classified as arterial circulatory system and venous circulatory system (Swift and Weinstein, 2009). Arterial circulation originates from the left heart and involves arteries such as the aorta, coronary arteries and pulmonary arteries. These vessels transport oxygen-rich blood, hormones, nutrients, etc.. from heart to various organs and peripheral tissues. The exception is pulmonary arteries, which carry less oxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs (Swift and Weinstein, 2009). The venous circulation is a low-pressure system that transports oxygen-depleted blood and waste through the veins and venules from different organs and tissues to the right side of the heart. Exceptionally, pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart(Coffman Lempert, 1975). The following table gives a comparison of arterial and venous circulation (Pilgrim and Meier, 2015): Arterial system Venous system Type of blood vessels Includes pulmonary arteries and systemic arteries Includes Superficial veins, deep veins, systemic veins and pulmonary veins Flow direction Blood is directed from the heart to various organs and tissues Blood from peripheral tissues and organs are transported to the heart Concentration of oxygen Oxygen rich blood is transported with the exception of pulmonary artery Low-oxygen or deoxygenated blood is carried with the exception of pulmonary vein Location Arteries are located deep in the body Veins are located superficially Anatomy The walls are made of thick elastic tissue and smooth muscle with more rigid walls to handle high pressure of blood Thin walled with less elastic tissue and very less smooth muscle layer with less rigid walls Valves Absent (except for semilunar valves) Present especially in limbs Solution 5 Viscosity determines the rheology or flows behaviour of fluid. Blood, a two-phase liquid can be considered either as a suspension of cellular elements (majority red blood cells and to some extent leukocytes and platelets) in liquid phase plasma or as an emulsion under certain high shear stress condition. The consideration of blood either as a suspension or as an emulsion depends on the flow conditions and such transition is the main factor for its specific rheological behaviour (Franceschi, 2013). Blood can be considered as a non-Newtonian fluid whose viscosity does not remain constant and varies according to the flow conditions. With the increase in the shear force the viscosity of blood decreases and vice versa (How Tion et al., 2015). The Determinants of Blood Viscosity thus are plasma composition, properties of RBCs and properties of WBCs. Leukocyte concentration: Leukocytes contribute to a minor fraction of blood cell population and thus almost negligibly affects the viscosity of blood under bulk flow conditions. But hyperviscosity is seen when the concentration of leukocyte reaches near to erythrocytes, and this is experienced in various cases of leukemia. Increased leukocyte concentration leads to aggregation and slugging of WBCs and thus affects the rheology of blood (Determinants of Blood Viscosity, 2009). Plasma composition: The protein content of plasma determines the viscosity and increase in the content of proteins lead to hyperviscosity and thus affects the rheology of blood. A significant relative difference in the contribution of protein fractions to the viscosity is seen, and this is observed because of different molecular shape and size of plasma proteins. For example, fibrinogen contributes 22% to plasma viscosity even though it constitutes only 4% to total plasma protein content and globulin contributes to a larger extent to the viscosity because of higher molecular weight in comparison to albumin. The rheological properties of blood or plasma are also affected by the non-protein content of plasma, but this can be considered as a minor determinant (Determinants of Blood Viscosity, 2009). Red blood cell properties: The features of RBCs that contribute to the rheological behaviour of blood are deformability and aggregation. The ability of RBC to undergo a reversible change in the shape in response to deforming sources is defined as deformability. Deformability is a unique property contributing partly to the rheology of blood. Under high shear conditions, deformability contributes to thinning of blood, and this promotes the orientation of RBC to the blood flow. Under low shear stress, reversible RBC clumps are formed, and this denotes aggregation of red blood cells. Aggregation affects the particle size and increases the distortion of blood flow and also increases frictional resistance. Thus, RBC aggregation contributes to the non-Newtonian behaviour by increasing blood viscosity. The ratio of red blood cell volume to the whole blood volume is defined as Hematocrit value. This is a dynamic parameter that varies according to the fluid balance of the body. Hematocrit value reaches to higher value during pathological conditions and this causes increase in blood viscosity (Determinants of Blood Viscosity, 2009). Thus it can be concluded that alterations in hematocrit, RBC deformability and aggregation, plasma composition and leukocyte concentration affects the non-Newtonian rheological behaviour of blood (Determinants of Blood Viscosity, 2009). References Aydogan, B. and Aydogan, S. (2014). Anesthetics and red blood cell rheology. Korea-Australia Rheology Journal, 26(2), pp.205-208. Determinants of Blood Viscosity. (2009). Acta Medica Scandinavica, 180(S456), pp.14-16. Franceschi, C. (2013). Definition of the venous hemodynamics parameters and concepts. Veins and Lymphatics, 2(4), p.1. How Tion, P., Faiz, A., Zakaria, N. and Takashi, H. (2015). The Study of Flow Characteristics of Newtonian and Power-Law Non-Newtonian Fluids by Dam-Break Flow Model. AMM, 802, pp.51-56. MARIK, P. (2010). Hemodynamic parameters to guide fluid therapy. Transfusion Alternatives in Transfusion Medicine, 11(3), pp.102-112. Michael J. Simmonds, O. (2013). Blood rheology and aging. Journal of Geriatric Cardiology : JGC, [online] 10(3), p.291. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3796705/ [Accessed 12 Mar. 2016]. Pilgrim, T. and Meier, B. (2015). Once normal coronary arteries, always normal coronary arteries?. Cathet. Cardiovasc. Intervent., 85(3), pp.406-407. RESULTS OF BLOOD, PLASMA AND SERUM VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS. (2009). Acta Medica Scandinavica, 180(S456), pp.46-50. Swift, M. and Weinstein, B. (2009). Arterial-Venous Specification During Development. Circulation Research, 104(5), pp.576-588. Sylvester, P., Gould, D. and Lee, L. (2013). The Cerebral Arterial System: A Visual Recall Device. MedEdPORTAL Publications.